The political study of international institutions reveals a vibrant and diverse body of scholarship. In recent decades, research has turned from the study of formal international organizations to the study of regimes and institutions, informal as well as formal. For the most part, this turn has been salutary, as it has reflected a broad interest not only in formal organizations but in the deeper role that rules and norms play in a system of formally co-equal states. Initially, this turn was instigated by the observation that much of what is interesting about world politics — especially during the Cold War period — seemed to take place among intensely interdependent actors, but beyond the purview of formal interstate organizations. This turn was furthered by a rational-functionalist approach to the study of institutions, which took up the puzzle of how we could understand international cooperation at all, given the assumptions of neorealism prevalent in the US international relations literature at the time. Meanwhile, in European circles, theorists of international society worked from sociological assumptions on a parallel question: how can order be maintained in an anarchical international society?
These orientations have made for interesting theoretical fireworks, as we have seen in the broader debates between today’s constructivists and rationalists. This debate is clearly reflected in the institutional literature as a distinction between those who view international institutions (including institutional form) as rational responses to the strategic situations in which actors find themselves, versus those who insist on a subjective interpretation of social arrangements (which may or may not be “rational”) and are unlikely to be understood through the use of positive methodologies.
MARTIN, Lisa L.; SIMMONS, Beth A. International Organizations and Institutions. In: CARLSNAES, Walter; RISSE, Thomas; SIMMONS, Beth A. (ed.).
Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage, 2016. p. 343–344. [adapted]
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Whilst there is a rich and growing literature on diplomacy, theories of diplomacy are less abundant. In view of its pivotal role in International Relations, diplomacy until recently received surprisingly little attention amongst theoretically oriented International Relations scholars. Indeed, a description of diplomacy is that it is “particularly resistant to theory”, and the well-known Israeli diplomat and foreign minister, Abba Eban, argued in 1983 that the “intrinsic antagonism” between theory and practice was more acute in diplomacy than in most other fields. This proposition may be less tenable today, as recent decades have seen a growing interest in, …
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Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations, fostering dialogue, and resolving conflicts between nations through peaceful means. It serves as the primary mechanism for promoting understanding, cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes in the international system.
Marie Julie in Global Diplomacy – Investigating International Relations.
We have no more reason to believe that the days of Gunboat Diplomacy are over than to believe that the threat of force will not be used on land and in the air.
T. B. Millar in James Cable Gunboat Diplomacy – Political Applications of Limited Naval Force.
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Recentemente, prevalece a tendência em se ver o relacionamento entre o cidadão e o Estado, o cidadão e o sistema político, o cidadão e a própria atividade política sob uma ótica maniqueísta, segundo a qual o Estado apresenta-se como o vilão e a sociedade, vítima indefesa.
Sabe-se que as dicotomias, via de regra, não se prestam a elucidações dos fenômenos de índole social. Teoricamente, elas separam o que são lados da mesma moeda, partes do mesmo todo. O maniqueísmo inviabiliza mesmo qualquer noção de cidadania, pois ou se aceita o Estado como mal necessário, à maneira agostiniana, ou se o nega totalmente, à moda anarquista.
Na prática, ele acaba por revelar uma atitude paternalista ao consid…
